Multi-omics insights into mosquito insecticide resistance for integrated vector management
Abstract
Escalating insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors jeopardizes the durability of vector-borne disease control and reflects a multilayered adaptive process rather than single-locus change. Evidence implicates coordinated shifts across target-site substitutions that diminish channel or receptor sensitivity, upregulated detoxification pathways that accelerate xenobiotic clearance, cuticular remodeling and transmembrane efflux that constrain penetration, and context-dependent modulation by microbial communities and environmental conditions that amplify resistant phenotypes. Advances in multi-omics have shifted inquiry from candidate genes to network-level reconstructions, enabling the identification of molecular and metabolic biomarkers for risk stratification, rational rotation and mixture policies, and spatiotemporally optimized interventions aligned with local resistance ecologies. In parallel, field-deployable molecular and metabolic diagnostics, coupled to surveillance platforms, transmission models, and economic evaluation, support closed-loop resistance management in which data inform decisions and outcomes iteratively refine strategy. Sustainable mitigation requires integrating optimized chemistries (dual-active-ingredient nets, indoor residual spraying with rotations or mixtures, synergist formulations, novel modes of action) with nonchemical measures (Wolbachia deployment, habitat reduction, genetic control). Across these domains, precision surveillance, standardized performance metrics, and adaptive management frameworks remain essential to slow evolutionary trajectories and preserve long-term effectiveness. This review synthesizes multi-omics evidence with operational decision-making and outlines priority research and implementation metrics to guide locally tailored insecticide resistance management within integrated vector management programs.